Ukwenziwa inzalo kwe-UV kuyindlela yokuhlanza amanzi ngokusebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet (UV) ukubulala noma ukuvala ama-microorganisms afana namagciwane, amagciwane, kanye ne-protozoa. Le nqubo ivame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuhlanza amanzi, amachibi okubhukuda, nezinye izilungiselelo lapho ikhwalithi yamanzi ikhathaza khona.

Ukusebenza kokuvalwa kwe-UV ekuhlanzeni amanzi kuyisihloko senkulumompikiswano eqhubekayo nocwaningo. Nakuba izifundo eziningi zibonise ukuthi ukuvala inzalo kwe-UV kungasebenza kahle kakhulu ekwehliseni amazinga ama-microorganisms ayingozi emanzini, kukhona futhi ukulinganiselwa kule ndlela yokuhlanza.

Le ndatshana izohlola isayensi yokuvalwa kwe-UV futhi ihlole ubufakazi kanye nokumelana nokusebenza kwayo ekuhlanzeni amanzi. Sicela uqhubeke ufunda!

Isebenza kanjani inzalo ye-UV

Ukukhipha amagciwane emanzini e-UV kusebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet (UV) ukubulala noma ukuvala ama-microorganisms afana namagciwane, amagciwane, ne-protozoa. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuveza amanzi kubude beza obuthile bokukhanya kwe-UV, ngokuvamile okungu-260-280 nanometers (nm). Kulobu bude bamaza, ukukhanya kwe-UV kuphazamisa izakhi zofuzo zamagciwane (i-DNA noma i-RNA), okwenza kungenzeki ukuba azalane futhi aphile.

Umthombo wokukhanya we-UV osetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuvala inzalo ungaba amalambu omphunga we-mercury anengcindezi ephansi noma ephakathi, akhipha ukukhanya kwe-UV-C ebangeni le-wavelength elingu-260-280 nm. Amanzi adluliswa ekamelweni elinesibani se-UV, futhi amagciwane atholakala ekukhanyeni kwe-UV njengoba egeleza. Ubude besikhathi amanzi evezwa ekukhanyeni kwe-UV, kanye nokuqina kokukhanya, kuyizici ezibalulekile ekunqumeni ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokuvala inzalo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuvalwa kwe-UV akususi noma yikuphi ukungcola okusemzimbeni noma kwamakhemikhali emanzini. Iqeda kuphela ama-microorganisms. Ngakho-ke, ukubulala amagciwane e-UV emanzini kuvame ukusetshenziswa nezinye izindlela zokuhlanza, njengokuhlunga noma ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali.

Ukuvalwa kwe-UV kuyinqubo ebonakalayo esebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-UV ukubulala noma ukuvala ama-microorganisms emanzini. Iwaqeda ngokuphumelelayo ama-microorganisms ayingozi kodwa ayisusi ezinye izinhlobo zokungcola emanzini.

Ukusebenza Kokwenziwa Kwenzalo ye-UV Emanzini

Ukusebenza kahle kokuvalwa kwe-UV emanzini kuyisihloko socwaningo oluqhubekayo nenkulumo-mpikiswano. Ucwaningo oluningi lubonise ukuthi ukuvalwa kwe-UV kunganciphisa ngempumelelo ama-microorganisms ayingozi emanzini. Isibonelo, ucwaningo olushicilelwe futhi lwanyatheliswa ku-Journal of Water and Health lwathola ukuthi ukuvalwa kwe-UV kunciphisa amazinga we-coliforms ephelele kanye ne-E. coli emanzini ngo-99.99%. Olunye ucwaningo olukhishwe ku-Journal of Applied Microbiology luthole ukuthi ukukhishwa kwamagciwane emanzini e-UV kwenza amaphesenti angama-99.99 eCryptosporidium oocysts, igciwane elivamile elitholakala emanzini.

Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kahle kokuvalwa kwe-UV kungahluka kuye ngezinto ezimbalwa. Esinye isici esibalulekile ukushuba kwesibani se-UV. Uma umfutho uphezulu, inqubo yokuvala inzalo izophumelela kakhulu. Nokho, ukuqina okuphezulu nakho kwandisa izindleko zesistimu.

Esinye isici esibalulekile uhlobo lwama-microorganisms emanzini. Amanye ama-microorganisms, njenge-Cryptosporidium oocysts, amelana kakhulu nokuvalwa kwe-UV kunezinye.

Ukwengeza, ukusebenza kahle kokuvalwa kwe-UV kungathinteka ngokuba khona kwezinye izinto emanzini, ezifana nezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe noma amaminerali ancibilikisiwe. Lezi zinto zingamunca noma zisabalalise ukukhanya kwe-UV, kunciphise ukusebenza kwayo.

Kubalulekile futhi ukusho ukuthi ukuvalwa kwe-UV akuyona indlela engasetshenziswa ukuhlanza amanzi kukho konke ukungcola. Ukuvalwa kwe-UV kubulala ngempumelelo ama-microorganisms kodwa akususi okunye ukungcola emanzini, njengezinsimbi ezisindayo, amakhemikhali, noma amaminerali ancibilikisiwe.

Ngakho-ke, ukuvala inzalo kwe-UV kuvame ukusetshenziswa nezinye izindlela zokuhlanza, njengokuhlunga noma ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali.

Nakuba ucwaningo oluningi lubonise ukuthi ukuvalwa kwe-UV kungasebenza kahle kakhulu ekwehliseni amazinga ama-microorganisms ayingozi emanzini, ukusebenza kungahluka kuye ngezinto ezimbalwa, njenge:

·  Ukuqina kwe-UV

·  Uhlobo lwe-microorganism

·  Ukuba khona kwezinye izinto emanzini

·  Isikhathi sokuchayeka

Imikhawulo ye-UV Sterilization

Ukuvalwa kwe-UV kuyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yokuhlanza amanzi, kodwa kunemikhawulo ethile okufanele icatshangelwe. Eminye yemikhawulo eyinhloko yokuvala inzalo ye-UV ihlanganisa okulandelayo:

Ukuqina kwe-UV

Ukusebenza kokuvalwa kwe-UV kuhlobene ngokuqondile namandla okukhanya kwe-UV. Uma umfutho uphezulu, inqubo yokuvala inzalo izophumelela kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, amasistimu e-UV anamandla aphezulu angabiza ukuwathenga nokusebenza.

Ukuqina kwe-UV kuyisici esibalulekile esithinta ukusebenza kahle kokuvalwa kwe-UV. Amandla okukhanya kwe-UV akalwa ngama-microwatts per square centimeter (μW/cm²) futhi ihlobene ngokuqondile nekhono lokukhanya kwe-UV ukwenza amagciwane amancane angasebenzi.

Imojula eholwa yi-UV enamandla kakhulu iyadingeka ezinhlelweni zokusebenza lapho amazinga aphezulu ama-microorganisms noma amanzi anodaka oluphezulu. Lezi zinhlelo zingabiza kakhulu ukuthenga nokusebenza, okudinga isibani esikhulu se-UV kanye ne-ballast enamandla kakhulu ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla e-UV adingekayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasistimu e-UV anamandla aphansi angasetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho amanzi enamazinga aphansi ezinambuzane ezincane noma ecacile ngokuqhathaniswa. Lezi zinhlelo azibizi kakhulu futhi zidinga encane Imodyuli ehola e-UV kanye ne-ballast enamandla kancane.

Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi imojula eholwa yi-UV iyodwa akuyona ukuphela kwesici esithinta ukusebenza kahle kokuvalwa kwe-UV. Ezinye izici, njengohlobo lwe-microorganism ekhona emanzini, izinga lokushisa lamanzi, nokuba khona kwezinye izinto, kungathinta ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokuvala inzalo.

Ukumelana ne-Microorganism

Amanye ama-microorganisms, njenge-Cryptosporidium oocysts, amelana kakhulu nokuvalwa kwe-UV kunezinye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukukhishwa kwamanzi e-UV kungase kungaziqedi ngokuphumelelayo izinhlobo ezithile zama-microorganisms emanzini.

Ukumelana ne-Microorganism kungenye yemikhawulo yokuvala inzalo ye-UV. Amanye ama-microorganisms, njenge-Cryptosporidium oocysts, amelana kakhulu nokuvalwa kwe-UV kunezinye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuvala inzalo kwe-UV kungase kungaziqedi ngokuphumelelayo izinhlobo ezithile zama-microorganisms emanzini.

Esinye sezizathu ezenza amanye ama-microorganisms amelane kakhulu nokuvalwa kwe-UV ungqimba lwawo lwangaphandle oluvikelayo. Isibonelo, ama-Cryptosporidium oocysts anodonga oluwugqinsi oluvikela izakhi zofuzo ze-microorganism kumamojula aholwa yi-UV, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuwenza angasebenzi.

Esinye isizathu ukuthi amanye ama-microorganisms angakwazi ukulungisa izakhi zawo zofuzo ngemva kokuba zilinyazwe ukukhanya kwe-UV, okuzivumela ukuba ziphile inqubo yokuvala inzalo.

Ukwengeza, ukumelana kwama-microorganisms ekubulaweni inzalo kwe-UV kungandiswa nokuba khona kwezinye izinto emanzini, njengamaminerali ancibilikisiwe noma izinto eziphilayo. Lezi zinto zingamunca noma zisabalalise ukukhanya kwe-UV, kunciphise ukusebenza kwazo futhi kunikeze umphumela wokuvikela amagciwane.

Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa Abakhiqizi abahola i-UV ngokushuba okuphezulu, isikhathi sokuchayeka eside, noma inhlanganisela ye-UV nezinye izindlela zokuhlanza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqapha njalo izinga lamanzi, ukuhlola amanzi ukuthi akhona yini amagciwane athile futhi ulungise ukwelashwa ngendlela efanele.

Izinga lamanzi

Ukusebenza kokuvalwa kwe-UV kungathinteka izinga lamanzi ahlanzwayo. Izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, amaminerali ancibilikisiwe, nezinye izinto emanzini zingamunca noma zihlakaze ukukhanya kwe-UV, kunciphise ukusebenza kwawo. Ngakho-ke, amanzi kufanele aphathwe ngaphambi kokuvalwa kwe-UV ukuze kukhishwe ukungcola okunjalo.

Izinga lamanzi lingenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezithinta ukusebenza kahle kokuvalwa kwe-UV. Izinga lamanzi alashiwe lingaba nomthelela omkhulu kumamojula aholwa yi-UV ukuze enze ama-microorganisms asebenze.

Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko izinga lamanzi elingathinta ngayo ukukhishwa kwamagciwane emanzini e-UV iwukuba khona kwezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe noma amaminerali ancibilikisiwe emanzini. Lezi zinto zingamunca noma zisabalalise ukukhanya kwe-UV, kunciphise ukusebenza kwayo. Okuqinile okumisiwe kungavikela ngokoqobo amagciwane ekukhanyeni kwe-UV, kunciphise ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwenqubo yokuvala inzalo.

Okokugcina, izinto eziphilayo ezisemanzini, njenge-algae, i-humic ne-fulvic acid, nezinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe, nazo zingamunca ukukhanya kwe-UV, kwehlise ukusebenza kwenqubo yokuvala inzalo.

Ukunakekela

Amasistimu okubulala amagciwane e-UV adinga ukunakekelwa njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi asebenza kahle. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlanza amalambu e-UV, ukuwashintsha lapho efika ekupheleni kwesikhathi sawo sokuphila, nokuqapha ukugeleza kwamanzi nezinga lokushisa.

Ukunakekela kuyisici esibalulekile sokuvalwa kwe-UV. Amasistimu okubulala amagciwane e-UV adinga ukunakekelwa njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi asebenza kahle. Ukunganaki ukunakekela kunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokuvala inzalo futhi kungabangela nomonakalo ohlelweni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Eminye yemisebenzi ebalulekile yokunakekela okudingeka yenziwe ezinhlelweni zokuvala inzalo ye-UV ihlanganisa:

Ukuhlanza izibani ze-UV

Amalambu e-UV adinga ukuhlanzwa njalo ukuze kukhishwe noma yikuphi ukunqwabelana kokungcola noma okunye ukungcola. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokusula izibani ngendwangu ehlanzekile neyomile.

Ukushintsha amalambu e-UV

Imojula eholwa yi-UV inesikhathi esinqunyelwe futhi kufanele ishintshwe ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuphila kwezibani kuzoncika ohlotsheni lwesibani kanye nokuqina kokusetshenziswa.

Ukuqapha ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nezinga lokushisa

Ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nezinga lokushisa kufanele kuqashwe njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhlelo lusebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele enconywayo. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa ama-flow metres nezinzwa zokushisa.

Ukuhlola amanzi

Amanzi kufanele ahlolwe njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhlelo luwenza asebenze ngempumelelo ama-microorganisms. Lokhu kungenziwa kusetshenziswa izinto zokuhlola izinga lamanzi noma ukuthumela amasampula elebhu ukuze ahlaziywe.

Ukuhlolwa kohlelo

Isistimu kufanele ihlolwe njalo ukuze kubonakale umonakalo noma ukuguga. Lokhu kungabandakanya ukuhlola ukuvuza, ukuqhekeka, noma ezinye izinkinga ezingase zithinte ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu.

Kubalulekile ukulandela izincomo zomkhiqizi ngohlelo lokulungisa. Ukunganaki ukunakekela kunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokuvala inzalo futhi kungabangela nomonakalo ohlelweni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Umthamo

Ukuvalwa kwe-UV kudinga isilinganiso esithile sokukhanya kwe-UV ukuze kungasebenzi amagciwane; uma umthamo unganele noma ama-microorganisms amelana, isistimu ingase ingasebenzi.

Izindleko

Amasistimu okubulala amagciwane e-UV angabiza ukuwathenga nokuwafaka, ikakhulukazi uma kudingeka amasistimu anamandla kakhulu. Lokhu kungenza ukuvalwa kwe-UV kufinyeleleke kancane kwezinye izinhlangano noma imiphakathi.

Indawo

Amasistimu okubulala amagciwane e-UV adinga ugesi futhi angase angasebenzi noma angenzeki ukuwafaka ezindaweni ezikude noma ezingaphandle kwegridi. Lokhu kungakhawulela ukufinyeleleka kokuvalwa kwe-UV emiphakathini ethile noma izinhlangano.

Ukungcola okumunca i-UV

Okunye ukungcola okufana ne-algae, i-humic ne-fulvic acid, izinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe, namanye amaminerali angamunca ukukhanya kwe-UV, kunciphise ukusebenza kwenqubo yokuvala inzalo.

Ukugeleza okuqhubekayo

Amasistimu okubulala amagciwane e-UV ngokuvamile ancike ekugelezeni kwamanzi njalo ukuze asebenze kahle. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma ukugeleza kwamanzi kuphazamiseka, uhlelo ngeke lukwazi ukuvala inzalo amanzi.

Imikhiqizo

Abakhiqizi abaholwa yi-UV bangakha imikhiqizo efana ne-chlorine dioxide nama-hydroxyl radicals angalimaza imvelo uma ingaphathwa kahle.

I-UV-A ne-UV-B

Amasistimu okubulala amagciwane e-UV ngokuvamile asebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-UV-C, okusebenza kahle kakhulu ekubulaleni amagciwane. Ukukhanya kwe-UV-A kanye ne-UV-B, okungasebenzi kahle ekubulaleni amagciwane, kungaphinde kukhishwe amanye amamojula aholwa yi-UV. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle okuphelele kwenqubo yokuvala inzalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvalwa kwe-UV kuyindlela esebenzayo yokuhlanza amanzi, kodwa kunemikhawulo ethile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi isidingo sezinhlelo ze-UV ezinamandla kakhulu, amandla okumelana namagciwane, umthelela wekhwalithi yamanzi, isidingo sokunakekelwa njalo, umthamo odingekayo, kanye nezindleko zesistimu. Le mikhawulo kufanele icatshangelwe lapho kunqunywa ukuthi kusetshenziswe ukuvalwa kwe-UV njengendlela yokuhlanza amanzi.

Isiphetho Nokucatshangelwa Kwekusasa

Ukuvalwa kwe-UV kuyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yokuhlanza amanzi, futhi iyasebenza ekwehliseni amazinga ama-microorganisms ayingozi emanzini. Nokho, futhi inemikhawulo ethile okufanele icatshangelwe. Le mikhawulo ihlanganisa isidingo sabakhiqizi abaholwa yi-UV abanamandla kakhulu, amandla okumelana nezinambuzane ezincane, umthelela wekhwalithi yamanzi, isidingo sokunakekelwa njalo, umthamo odingekayo, kanye nezindleko zesistimu.

Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ukuvala inzalo kwe-UV kuhlanganiswe nezinye izindlela zokuhlanza, njengokuhlunga noma ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali. Lokhu kungasiza ukususa ezinye izinhlobo zokungcola emanzini futhi kwandise ukusebenza kahle okuphelele kwenqubo yokuvala inzalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane e-UV emanzini kuyaqhubeka, futhi imiphumela emisha, njengezinhlelo ze-UV-C LED kanye nezindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokwelashwa kwamanzi, kulindeleke ukuthi zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle futhi zinciphise izindleko zezinhlelo ngokuzayo.

Okokugcina, ukukhishwa kwe-UV emanzini kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokuhlanza amanzi, kodwa kunemikhawulo ethile. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kanye nentuthuko kulo mkhakha kulindeleke ukuthi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle futhi kunciphise izindleko zezinhlelo, kuzenze zifinyeleleke kalula emiphakathini nasezinhlanganweni.