I-UV sterilization yindlela yokucoca amanzi ngokusebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet (UV) ukubulala okanye ukuvala iintsholongwane ezinjengeentsholongwane, ibhaktheriya kunye neprotozoa. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiindawo zokunyanga amanzi, amachibi okubhukuda, kunye nezinye iindawo apho umgangatho wamanzi uxhalabile.

Ukusebenza kwe-UV inzalo ekucoceni amanzi sisihloko sengxoxo eqhubekayo kunye nophando. Ngelixa uphononongo oluninzi lubonise ukuba ukuvala inzala kwe-UV kunokusebenza kakhulu ekunciphiseni amanqanaba eentsholongwane ezinobungozi emanzini, kukwakho imida kule ndlela yokucoca.

Eli nqaku liza kuphonononga isayensi emva kokwenziwa inzala kwe-UV kwaye ivavanye ubungqina kunye nokuchasene nokusebenza kwayo ekucoceni amanzi. Nceda uqhubeke ufunda!

Isebenza njani inzala yeUV

Ukubulala iintsholongwane kumanzi e-UV kusebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet (UV) ukubulala okanye ukuvala iintsholongwane ezinje ngebhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, kunye neprotozoa. Oku kwenziwa ngokubeka amanzi kubude obukhethekileyo bokukhanya kwe-UV, ngokuqhelekileyo i-260-280 nanometers (nm). Kobu bude bamaza, ukukhanya kwe-UV kuphazamisa imathiriyeli yemfuza ye-microorganisms (i-DNA okanye i-RNA), nto leyo eyenza ukuba kungenzeki ukuba zivelise kwaye ziphile.

Umthombo wokukhanya we-UV osetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokuvala inzala unokuba yi-low-pressure okanye i-medium-pressure mercury vapour izibane, ezikhupha ukukhanya kwe-UV-C kuluhlu lwamaza angama-260-280 nm. Amanzi adlula kwigumbi elinesibane se-UV, kwaye ii-microorganisms zivezwe kwisibane se-UV njengoko zihamba. Ubude bexesha lamanzi abonakaliswe kwisibane se-UV, kunye nokuqina kokukhanya, zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokuvala inzala.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukuvalwa kwe-UV akususi nakuphi na ukungcola okusemzimbeni okanye kweekhemikhali emanzini. Iphelisa kuphela i-microorganisms. Ke ngoko, ukubulawa kweentsholongwane kumanzi e-UV kudla ngokusetyenziswa kunye nezinye iindlela zokucoca, ezinje ngokucoca okanye unyango lwekhemikhali.

Ukuvalwa kwe-UV yinkqubo yomzimba esebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-UV ukubulala okanye ukuvala iintsholongwane emanzini. Iphelisa ngempumelelo ii-microorganisms ezinobungozi kodwa ayisusi ezinye iintlobo zokungcola emanzini.

Ukusebenza ngokuSebenza kwe-UV Sterilization kuManzi

Ukusebenza kokuvalwa kwe-UV emanzini sisihloko sophando oluqhubekayo kunye nengxoxo. Uphononongo oluninzi lubonise ukuba ukuvalwa kwe-UV kunokunciphisa ngempumelelo iintsholongwane eziyingozi emanzini. Umzekelo, uphononongo olupapashwe lwaza lwashicilelwa kwiJenali yaManzi kunye neMpilo yafumanisa ukuba ukuvalwa kwe-UV kunciphise amanqanaba eecoliforms zizonke kunye ne-E. coli emanzini ngama-99.99%. Olunye uphando olukhutshwe kwi-Journal ye-Applied Microbiology yafumanisa ukuba i-UV ye-disinfection yamanzi yenza i-99.99% ye-Cryptosporidium oocysts, i-pathogen eqhelekileyo yamanzi.

Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kokuvalwa kwe-UV kunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Enye into ebalulekileyo bubunzulu bokukhanya kweUV. Ukuphakama koxinzelelo, kokukhona inkqubo yokuvala inzala iya kusebenza ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqina okuphezulu kukwanyusa iindleko zenkqubo.

Enye into ebalulekileyo luhlobo lwe-microorganisms emanzini. Ezinye ii-microorganisms, ezifana ne-Cryptosporidium oocysts, ziyakwazi ukumelana nokuvalwa kwe-UV kunezinye.

Ukongeza, ukusebenza kwe-UV sterilization kunokuchatshazelwa kubukho bezinye izinto emanzini, ezinje ngezinto eziqinileyo okanye iiminerali ezinyibilikisiweyo. Ezi zinto zinokufunxa okanye zisasaze ukukhanya kwe-UV, zinciphisa ukusebenza kwazo.

Kukwabalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba ukuvala inzala kwe-UV akuyondlela enokusetyenziselwa ukucoca amanzi kuzo zonke izingcolisi. Ukuvalwa kwe-UV kubulala ngokufanelekileyo iintsholongwane kodwa akususi okunye ukungcola emanzini, njengesinyithi esinzima, iikhemikhali, okanye iiminerali ezinyibilikisiweyo.

Ke ngoko, ukuvalwa kwe-UV kudla ngokusetyenziswa kunye nezinye iindlela zokucoca, ezinje ngokucoca okanye unyango lwekhemikhali.

Ngelixa uphononongo oluninzi lubonise ukuba ukuvala inzala kwe-UV kunokusebenza kakhulu ekunciphiseni amanqanaba eentsholongwane ezinobungozi emanzini, ukusebenza kunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, ezifana:

·  Ubunzulu be-UV

·  Uhlobo lwe-microorganism

·  Ubukho bezinye izinto emanzini

·  Ixesha lokuvezwa

Unyino lwe-UV Sterilization

Ukuvalwa kwe-UV yindlela esetyenziswa ngokubanzi yokucoca amanzi, kodwa inemida ethile ekufuneka iqwalaselwe. Eminye yemida ephambili yokuvala inzala ye-UV ibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

Ubunzulu be-UV

Ukusebenza kwe-UV sterillization kuhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nobunzulu bokukhanya kwe-UV. Ukuphakama koxinzelelo, kokukhona inkqubo yokuvala inzala iya kusebenza ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo eziphezulu ze-UV zinokubiza ukuthenga nokusebenza.

Ubunzulu be-UV yeyona nto iphambili echaphazela ukusebenza kokuvalwa kwe-UV. Ubunzulu bokukhanya kwe-UV bulinganiswa ngee-microwatts nge-square sentimitha (μW/cm²) kwaye inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo namandla okukhanya kwe-UV ukwenza ii-microorganisms zingasebenzi.

Imodyuli ekhokelela kwi-UV ephezulu kakhulu iyafuneka kwizicelo apho amanqanaba aphezulu e-microorganisms okanye amanzi ane-turbidity ephezulu. Ezi nkqubo zinokuba yindleko ukuthenga nokusebenza, kufuna isibane esikhulu se-UV kunye ne-ballast enamandla ngakumbi ukuvelisa ubunzulu obuyimfuneko be-UV.

Kwelinye icala, iisistim ze-UV ezinobungakanani obuphantsi zingasetyenziselwa izicelo apho amanzi anamazinga aphantsi e-microorganisms okanye ecacileyo noko. Ezi nkqubo azibizi kakhulu kwaye zifuna encinci Imodyuli ekhokelayo ye-UV kunye ne-ballast engenamandla.

Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba imodyuli ekhokelwa yi-UV iyodwa ayisiyiyo kuphela into echaphazela ukusebenza kwe-UV yokuvala inzala. Ezinye izinto, ezifana nohlobo lwe-microorganism ekhoyo emanzini, ubushushu bamanzi, kunye nobukho bezinye izinto, zinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokuvala inzala.

Ukumelana neMicroorganism

Ezinye ii-microorganisms, ezifana ne-Cryptosporidium oocysts, ziyakwazi ukumelana nokuvalwa kwe-UV kunezinye. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukukhutshwa kwamanzi e-UV akunako ukuphelisa ngokufanelekileyo iintlobo ezithile ze-microorganisms emanzini.

Ukunganyangeki kweMicroorganism ngomnye wemida yokuvalwa kwe-UV. Ezinye ii-microorganisms, ezifana ne-Cryptosporidium oocysts, ziyakwazi ukumelana nokuvalwa kwe-UV kunezinye. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuvalwa kwe-UV akunako ukuphelisa ngokufanelekileyo iintlobo ezithile ze-microorganisms emanzini.

Esinye sezizathu zokuba ezinye iimicroorganisms zikwazi ukumelana nokuvalwa kweUV lukhuselo lwazo lwangaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, i-Cryptosporidium oocysts inodonga olungqingqwa olukhusela i-microorganism's genetic material kwiimodyuli ezikhokelwa yi-UV, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukungasebenzi.

Esinye isizathu kukuba ezinye iimicroorganisms zinokulungisa imathiriyeli yemfuza yazo emva kokuba yonakaliswe sisibane se-UV, ezivumela ukuba ziphile kwinkqubo yokuvala inzala.

Ukongeza, ukuxhathisa kwee-microorganisms kwi-UV sterilization kunokunyuswa kubukho bezinye izinto emanzini, ezifana neeminerali ezinyibilikisiweyo okanye izinto eziphilayo. Ezi zinto zinokufunxa okanye zisasaze ukukhanya kwe-UV, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwayo kunye nokubonelela ngempembelelo yokukhusela kwii-microorganisms.

Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa Abavelisi abakhokelweyo be-UV ngokuqina okuphezulu, ixesha elide lokuvezwa, okanye indibaniselwano ye-UV kunye nezinye iindlela zokucoca. Ngaphezu koko, kubalulekile ukubeka iliso rhoqo umgangatho wamanzi, ukuvavanya amanzi ubukho be-microorganisms ezithile kunye nokulungelelanisa unyango ngokufanelekileyo.

Umgangatho wamanzi

Ukusebenza kokuvalwa kwe-UV kunokuchatshazelwa ngumgangatho wamanzi acocwayo. Izinto eziqinileyo ezimisiweyo, iiminerali ezinyibilikisiweyo, kunye nezinye izinto ezisemanzini zinokufunxa okanye zisasaze isibane se-UV, sinciphisa ukusebenza kwawo. Ke ngoko, amanzi kufuneka acocwe kwangaphambili ngaphambi kokuvalwa kwe-UV ukususa obo kungcola.

Umgangatho wamanzi ngomnye wemiba ephambili echaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kokuvalwa kwe-UV. Umgangatho wamanzi ocociweyo unokuchaphazela kakhulu iimodyuli ezikhokelwa yi-UV ukwenza ii-microorganisms zingasebenzi.

Enye yeendlela eziphambili ubulunga bamanzi obunokuchaphazela ngayo ukubulala iintsholongwane kumanzi e-UV kubukho bezinto eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo okanye iiminerali ezinyibilikisiweyo emanzini. Ezi zinto zinokufunxa okanye zisasaze ukukhanya kwe-UV, zinciphisa ukusebenza kwazo. Izinto eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo zinokukhusela ngokwasemzimbeni iintsholongwane kwizibane ze-UV, zinciphisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokuvala inzala.

Okokugqibela, izinto eziphilayo ezisemanzini, ezifana ne-algae, i-humic kunye ne-fulvic acids, kunye ne-organics enyibilikileyo, zinokufunxa ukukhanya kwe-UV, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokuvala inzala.

Ulondolozo

Iinkqubo zokuvala iintsholongwane zeUV zifuna ukugcinwa rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zisebenza ngokugqibeleleyo. Oku kubandakanya ukucoca izibane ze-UV, ukuzitshintsha xa zifika ekupheleni kobomi bazo, kunye nokubeka iliso ukuhamba kwamanzi kunye nobushushu.

Ugcino ngumba obalulekileyo wokuvalwa kwe-UV. Iinkqubo zokuvala iintsholongwane zeUV zifuna ukugcinwa rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zisebenza ngokugqibeleleyo. Ukungahoyi ulondolozo kunokunciphisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokuvala inzala kwaye kunokubangela umonakalo kwinkqubo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Eminye yemisebenzi ephambili yolondolozo ekufuneka yenziwe kwiinkqubo zokuvala iintsholongwane zeUV ibandakanya:

Ukucoca izibane ze-UV

Izibane ze-UV kufuneka zicocwe rhoqo ukuze kususwe nakuphi na ukubunjwa kokungcola okanye ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokusula izibane ngelaphu elicocekileyo, elomileyo.

Ukutshintsha izibane ze-UV

Imodyuli ekhokelwa yi-UV inobomi obunqamlekileyo kwaye kufuneka itshintshwe ngamaxesha athile. Ubomi bezibane buya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwesibane kunye nobukhulu bokusetyenziswa.

Ukubeka iliso ukuhamba kwamanzi kunye nobushushu

Ukuhamba kwamanzi kunye nobushushu kufuneka bubekwe esweni rhoqo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba inkqubo isebenza ngaphakathi kweeparamitha ezicetyiswayo. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokusebenzisa iimitha zokuhamba kunye nezivamvo zobushushu.

Ukuvavanya amanzi

Amanzi kufuneka avavanywe rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ingasebenzi kakuhle i-microorganisms. Oku kunokwenziwa kusetyenziswa izixhobo zokuvavanya umgangatho wamanzi okanye ukuthumela iisampulu kwilebhu ukuze zihlalutywe.

Ukuhlolwa kwenkqubo

Inkqubo kufuneka ihlolwe rhoqo ukuba kukho nawuphi na umonakalo okanye ukuguga. Oku kunokubandakanya ukujonga iindawo ezivuzayo, iintanda, okanye eminye imiba enokuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo.

Kubalulekile ukulandela iingcebiso zomenzi weshedyuli yokulondolozwa. Ukungahoyi ulondolozo kunokunciphisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokuvala inzala kwaye kunokubangela umonakalo kwinkqubo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Umthamo

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-UV kufuna idosi ethile yokukhanya kwe-UV ukuze kusebenze ii-microorganisms; ukuba i-dosage ayanelanga okanye i-microorganisms ixhathisa, inkqubo ayinakusebenza.

Iindleko

Iinkqubo zokubulala iintsholongwane kwi-UV zinokubiza kakhulu ukuzithenga nokuzifakela, ngakumbi ukuba ziyafuneka iinkqubo ezinobunzulu obuphezulu. Oku kunokwenza ukuba ukuvalwa kwe-UV kufikeleleke kwimibutho ethile okanye kuluntu.

Indawo

Iinkqubo zokuvala i-UV zifuna umbane kwaye zisenokungasebenzi okanye zingenzeki ukuzifaka kwiindawo ezikude okanye ezingaphandle kwegrid. Oku kunokunciphisa ukufikeleleka kokuvalwa kwe-UV kuluntu okanye imibutho ethile.

Ukungcola okufunxa i-UV

Okunye ukungcola okufana ne-algae, i-humic kunye ne-fulvic acid, izinto eziphilayo ezinyityilisiweyo, kunye nezinye iiminerali zinokufunxa ukukhanya kwe-UV, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokuvala inzala.

Ukuhamba ngokuqhubekayo

Iinkqubo zokuvala inzala ye-UV zixhomekeke ekuhambeni rhoqo kwamanzi ukuze zisebenze. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba ukuhamba kwamanzi kuphazamisekile, inkqubo ayiyi kukwazi ukutshabalalisa amanzi.

Iimveliso

Abavelisi be-UV abakhokelayo banokwenza iimveliso ezifana neklorin diokside kunye ne-hydroxyl radicals ezinokwenzakalisa okusingqongileyo ukuba aziphathwa kakuhle.

UV-A kunye ne-UV-B

Iinkqubo zokuvala inzala ye-UV zihlala zisebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-UV-C, okusebenza kakhulu ekubulaleni iintsholongwane. Ukukhanya kwe-UV-A kunye ne-UV-B, engasebenzi kakuhle ekubulaleni iintsholongwane, kunokukhutshelwa ezinye iimodyuli ezikhokelwa yi-UV. Oku kunokunciphisa ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwenkqubo yokuvala inzala.

Ngaphaya koko, ukuvalwa kwe-UV yindlela esebenzayo yokucoca amanzi, kodwa inemida ethile. Ezi ziquka imfuno yeenkqubo ze-UV ezinobunzima obuphezulu, amandla okumelana ne-microorganism, impembelelo yomgangatho wamanzi, imfuneko yokugcinwa rhoqo, umthamo ofunekayo, kunye neendleko zenkqubo. Le mida kufuneka iqwalaselwe xa kusenziwa isigqibo sokuba kusetyenziswe ukuvalwa kwe-UV njengendlela yokucoca amanzi.

Isiphelo kunye neeNgqwalasela zexesha elizayo

Ukuvalwa kwe-UV yindlela esetyenziswa kakhulu yokucoca amanzi, kwaye iyasebenza ekwehliseni amanqanaba eentsholongwane eziyingozi emanzini. Nangona kunjalo, ikwanayo nemida ethile ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo. Le mida ibandakanya imfuno yabenzi be-LED be-LED abaphezulu, amandla okumelana ne-microorganism, impembelelo yomgangatho wamanzi, imfuno yokugcinwa rhoqo, umthamo ofunekayo, kunye neendleko zenkqubo.

Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ukuvala inzala kwe-UV kudityaniswe nezinye iindlela zokucoca, ezinje ngokucoca okanye unyango lwekhemikhali. Oku kunokunceda ukususa ezinye iintlobo zokungcola emanzini kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokuvala inzala.

Ngaphaya koko, uphando kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji ye-UV yokubulala iintsholongwane emanzini iyaqhubeka, kwaye iziphumo ezitsha, ezinjengeenkqubo ze-UV-C ze-LED kunye neendlela eziphambili zonyango lwamanzi, kulindeleke ukuba ziphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zeenkqubo kwixesha elizayo.

Okokugqibela, ukubulala iintsholongwane kumanzi e-UV yindlela esebenzayo yokucoca amanzi, kodwa kunemida ethile. Uphando lwexesha elizayo kunye nophuhliso kwintsimi kulindeleke ukuba kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zeenkqubo, zenze ukuba zifikeleleke ngakumbi kuluntu kunye nemibutho.