Amandla E-LED engu-255nm ye-UV: Impumelelo Kubuchwepheshe Be-Germicidal

Ingabe ufuna isixazululo sokuguqula ukulwa namagciwane namagciwane? I-255nm UV LED yenza amagagasi emhlabeni wobuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane, ihlinzeka ngezinga elingakaze libonwe lokubulala amagciwane. Kulesi sihloko, sihlola amandla alobu buchwepheshe obuphambili nokuthi buyishintsha kanjani indlela esibhekana ngayo nenhlanzeko nenhlanzeko. Hlanganyela nathi njengoba sihlola amandla amangalisayo e-255nm UV LED kanye nomthelela wawo ekusetshenzisweni kokubulala amagciwane.

Ukuqonda Ubuchwepheshe be-UV LED: Indlela ukukhanya kwe-UV okungama-255nm kusebenza ngayo njenge-ejenti ebulala amagciwane

Ubuchwepheshe be-UV LED buye benza igxathu elibalulekile eminyakeni yamuva, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wokufaka izicelo zokubulala amagciwane. Phakathi kwamaza ahlukahlukene okukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, i-255nm UV LED iqhamuke njengempumelelo kubuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane ngenxa yekhono layo eliyingqayizivele lokubhubhisa ngempumelelo inqwaba yamagciwane ayingozi.

Enhliziyweni yobuchwepheshe be-UV LED obungu-255nm kukhona izici eziyingqayizivele zokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kulobu bude beza obuthile. Ngokungafani nokukhanya okubonakalayo, ukukhanya kwe-UV akubonakali ngeso lomuntu futhi kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu ezihlukene ngokusekelwe kubude begagasi: UVA (320-400nm), UVB (280-320nm), kanye ne-UVC (200-280nm). Kulokhu, ukukhanya kwe-UVC kuzuze ukunakwa okubalulekile ngezakhiwo zakho ezinamandla zokubulala amagciwane, ne-255nm UV LED esebenza ngempumelelo kulokhu.

Isenzo sokubulala amagciwane se-255nm UV LED singabalelwa ekhonweni layo lokuphazamisa i-DNA ne-RNA yamagciwane, okuwenza angakwazi ukuphindaphinda futhi abangele ukubhujiswa kwawo ekugcineni. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), sekungamashumi eminyaka isetshenziswa njengendlela ethembekile yokubulala amagciwane ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izindawo zokunakekelwa kwempilo, izindawo zokucubungula ukudla, nezindawo zokuhlanza amanzi.

Inzuzo eyinhloko yobuchwepheshe be-255nm UV LED isekusebenzeni kwayo nasekusebenzeni kahle ekusetshenzisweni kokubulala amagciwane. Amalambu endabuko e-UVC asetshenziselwe izinjongo zokubulala amagciwane, kodwa avame ukuza nezingqinamba ezifana nokusebenza kahle kwamandla aphansi, ubukhulu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-mercury, ebeka ukukhathazeka kwemvelo nokuphepha. Ngokuphambene, i-255nm UV LED inikeza isixazululo esihlangene futhi esivumelana nemvelo esingaletha isenzo esihlosiwe sokubulala amagciwane ngokusetshenziswa okuncane kwamandla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe be-UV LED be-255nm buhlinzeka ngendlela enembe futhi elawulwayo yokubulala amagciwane. Ngokukwazi ukuhlanganiswa kumadivayisi nezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene, njengezihlanzi zomoya, izibulali magciwane, namayunithi okubulala amagciwane angaphezulu, i-255nm UV LED ivumela izixazululo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso nezifunwayo zokubulala amagciwane ezingavumelana nezidingo nezimfuneko ezithile.

Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-255nm UV LED kuhlukene futhi kufinyelele kude. Emkhakheni wezokunakekelwa kwempilo, ingasetshenziswa ukubulala amagciwane amathuluzi ezokwelapha, ukuhlanza izindawo zasesibhedlela, nokuhlanza umoya ezikhungweni zezempilo, okusiza ukwehlisa ubungozi bokutheleleka okuhlobene nokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Embonini yezokudla, i-255nm UV LED ingaqashwa ukuze kufakwe inzalo izinto zokupakisha, ukuhlanzeka kwemishini yokucubungula ukudla, nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo. Ukwengeza, ezindaweni zokuhlala nezohwebo, i-255nm UV LED ingasebenza njengethuluzi elisebenzayo lokugcina izindawo ezihlanzekile nezihlanzekile.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-UV LED buqhubeka buthuthuka, amandla e-255nm UV LED ekusetshenzisweni kokubulala amagciwane asekulungele ukukhula nakakhulu. Imizamo eqhubekayo yocwaningo nentuthuko igxile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle, ukuqina, kanye nokufinyeleleka kobuchwepheshe be-LED obungama-255nm UV, ngenhloso yokwenza bufinyeleleke kalula ngenani elibanzi lezidingo zokubulala amagciwane.

Sengiphetha, ukuphumelela kobuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane okulethwa yi-255nm UV LED kuwubufakazi bezinyathelo ezenziwe ekusebenziseni amandla okukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ukuze kubulawe amagciwane. Ngezakhiwo zabo ezingavamile zokubulala amagciwane, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, nokuguquguquka, ubuchwepheshe be-255nm UV LED bunesithembiso esikhulu sokuhlinzeka ngezixazululo eziphephile, ezisebenzayo, nezisimeme zokulwa nama-microorganisms ayingozi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.

Izinzuzo ze-255nm UV LED: Inkathi entsha kubuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane

Ukuvela kobuchwepheshe be-255nm UV LED kumelela impumelelo ebalulekile emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane. Lolu hlobo olusha lokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet lunikeza izinzuzo eziningi ngaphezu kwamalambu e-UV endabuko, okulenza lishintshe umdlalo ekulweni namagciwane ayingozi.

Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile ze-255nm UV LED ukusebenza kwayo ekuqedeni anhlobonhlobo amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, namanye amagciwane. Ngokungafani nama-disinfectants amakhemikhali, ukukhanya kwe-UV LED kusebenza ngokulimaza i-DNA ne-RNA yalawa magciwane, ukuwavimbela ekubeni aphindaphindeke futhi abangele izifo. Ubude begagasi obungu-255nm butholakale busebenza kahle kakhulu ekubulaleni izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziyingozi, okuhlanganisa no-E. coli, MRSA, kanye nomkhuhlane.

Ngokungeziwe ekusebenzeni kwayo okuphezulu, i-255nm UV LED iphinde ibe inketho ephephile futhi enobungani bemvelo uma kuqhathaniswa namalambu e-UV endabuko. Amalambu e-UV endabuko aqukethe i-mercury, into enobuthi ebeka engcupheni enkulu yempilo nemvelo. Ngokuphambene, izibani ze-UV LED aziqukethe izinto eziyingozi, okuzenza zibe ukukhetha okusimeme kakhulu futhi okunobungani kwemvelo kwezicelo zokubulala amagciwane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe be-255nm UV LED bunikeza ukusebenza kahle kwamandla nokuqina. Amalambu e-UV endabuko anesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuphila futhi adinga ukushintshwa njalo, ukwandisa izindleko zokuwalungisa kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izibani ze-UV LED zinesikhathi eside sokuphila futhi zisebenzisa amandla amancane, okuholela ezindlekweni zokusebenza eziphansi kanye nomthelela ongemuhle kwezemvelo.

Enye inzuzo ebalulekile ye-255nm UV LED ukuguquguquka kwayo nokusebenziseka kalula. Lawa madivaysi ahlangene futhi angasindi angahlanganiswa kalula ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zokuhlanza amanzi nomoya, amakamelo okubulala inzalo, kanye nemishini yezokwelapha. Ubukhulu babo obuncane kanye nokukhishwa kokushisa okuphansi nakho kusho ukuthi zingasetshenziswa ngokuphepha ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ezibhedlela nasemalabhorethri kuya ezindaweni zokucubungula ukudla kanye nezindawo zomphakathi.

Ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe be-255nm UV LED bunamandla okuguqula indlela esibhekana ngayo nezixazululo zokubulala amagciwane. Ukusebenza kwayo, ukuphepha, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, kanye nokuguquguquka kwayo kuyenza ibe inketho ekhangayo ezimbonini eziningi nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Njengoba isidingo sezindlela ezisebenzayo nezisimeme zokubulala amagciwane siqhubeka sikhula, ubuchwepheshe be-UV LED sebulungele ukudlala indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni ikusasa lobuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane.

Sengiphetha, izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe be-255nm UV LED zicacile futhi ziyaphoqa. Ngokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu, ukuphepha, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, nokuguquguquka, izibani ze-UV LED zimelela inkathi entsha kubuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane. Njengoba lobu buchwepheshe obusha buqhubeka nokuvela futhi busetshenziswa kabanzi, bunamandla okuthuthukisa kakhulu impilo nokuphepha komphakathi kuyilapho bunciphisa umthelela wendawo.

Izicelo ze-255nm UV LED: Ukusebenzisa amandla ayo ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, ukwelashwa kwamanzi, nokuhlanzwa komoya

Ubuchwepheshe be-UV LED buthuthuke ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva, futhi enye yempumelelo ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwe-255nm UV LED. Lobu bude obukhethekile bokukhanya kwe-UV buye bavula indlela yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, ukwelashwa kwamanzi, nokuhlanza umoya, okwenza izinguquko endleleni esisondela ngayo kubuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane.

Ezilungiselelweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-255nm UV LED kubonise amandla amakhulu ekubulaleni amagciwane emishinini yezokwelapha, ezindaweni zokubulala amagciwane, ngisho nokuvala amagciwane ayingozi emoyeni. Izindlela zendabuko zokuvala inzalo zivame ukubandakanya amakhemikhali anamandla noma izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, elingalimaza imishini yezokwelapha ebucayi futhi libe yingozi ezigulini nakubasebenzi bezempilo. Nokho, ngokusetshenziswa kwe-255nm UV LED, indlela ephephile nephumelelayo yokuvala inzalo manje isiyatholakala. Amandla aphezulu okukhanya kwe-UV angu-255nm ayakwazi ukuphazamisa i-DNA kanye ne-RNA yamagciwane, awenze angakwazi ukuphindaphinda futhi abangele ukuba afe. Lokhu kwenza i-255nm UV LED ibe yithuluzi elibalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukusabalala kwezifo ezikhungweni zezempilo.

Emkhakheni wokwelashwa kwamanzi, i-255nm UV LED inikeza isisombululo esithembekile nesingenamakhemikhali sokuhlanza amanzi. Izindlela zendabuko zokuhlanza amanzi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-chlorine noma ezinye izibulala-magciwane zamakhemikhali, ezingashiya imikhiqizo eyingozi futhi zibe namandla okudala amagciwane angazweli. Ukwengeza, lawa makhemikhali angaba yingozi emvelweni nempilo yabantu. Nge-255nm UV LED, amanzi angabulawa amagciwane ngempumelelo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amakhemikhali, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi ahlala ephephile ukuze asetshenziswe kuyilapho kunciphisa umthelela emvelweni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-255nm UV LED nayo iboshelwe ukuhlanzwa komoya. Izinga lomoya wasendlini liyinkinga ekhulayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni eziminyene lapho ukungcola kanye namagciwane atholakala emoyeni angaba yingozi enkulu empilweni. Ngokusebenzisa i-255nm UV LED, izihlanzi zomoya zingavala ngempumelelo ama-microorganisms ayingozi afana namagciwane, amagciwane, nezinhlamvu zesikhunta. Lobu buchwepheshe abusizi nje kuphela ekuvimbeleni ukusabalala kwezifo ezithathelwanayo kodwa futhi nasekudaleni indawo enempilo yasendlini yabantu abanezimo zokuphefumula kanye ne-allergies.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-255nm UV LED ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, ukwelashwa kwamanzi, nokuhlanza umoya kumelela intuthuko enkulu kubuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane. Ikhono layo lokuvala ngempumelelo uhla olubanzi lwamagciwane ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amakhemikhali liyenza ibe ithuluzi elibalulekile ekukhuthazeni impilo yomphakathi nokusimama kwemvelo. Njengoba ucwaningo nentuthuko kubuchwepheshe be-UV LED buqhubeka buthuthuka, singalindela ukubona okunye okusha nokusebenzisa amandla e-UV LED engu-255nm ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene. Amandla alobu buchwepheshe enze umthelela omuhle empilweni yomhlaba wonke nasekusimameni kwemvelo ayathembisa ngempela.

Ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle: Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-255nm UV LED ngezinjongo zokubulala amagciwane

Uma kuziwa ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle kwezinjongo zokubulala amagciwane, ukusetshenziswa kwe-255nm UV LED sekushintshe umdlalo emkhakheni wokukhucululwa kwendle. Ngamandla ayo angenakuqhathaniswa okuqeda amagciwane ayingozi, i-255nm UV LED isiguqule indlela esibhekana ngayo nobuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-255nm UV LED ngezinjongo zokubulala amagciwane nokuthi isibe kanjani ithuluzi elibalulekile ekugcineni indawo ehlanzekile nehlanzekile.

Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile zokusebenzisa i-255nm UV LED ngezinjongo zokubulala amagciwane iphrofayili yayo yokuphepha emangalisayo. Ngokungafani namalambu e-UV endabuko akhipha i-mercury, i-255nm UV LED ayinayo i-mercury, iyenza ibe isisombululo esivumelana nemvelo nesingenabuthi sokubulala amagciwane. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokunciphisa umthelela wendawo kodwa futhi kuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabantu abangase bahlangane nesistimu ye-UV LED. Ukwengeza, i-255nm UV LED yaziwa ngokukhiqiza kwayo ukushisa okuncane, ukunciphisa ubungozi bokusha ngengozi noma ukushisa ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Lokhu kuyenza ibe enye indlela ephephile ngezinjongo zokubulala amagciwane ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izibhedlela, amalabhorethri, nezindawo zomphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwezinzuzo zayo zokuphepha, i-255nm UV LED iphumelela kakhulu ekuqedeni uhla olubanzi lwamagciwane ayingozi. Ubude begagasi obungu-255nm busebenza kahle kakhulu ekuqondiseni i-DNA ne-RNA yamagciwane, aphazamisa amandla azo okuphindaphinda futhi abangele umonakalo ongalungiseki. Lokhu kwenza i-255nm UV LED ibe ithuluzi elibalulekile ekuqedeni amagciwane, amagciwane, namanye amagciwane abeka usongo empilweni yomuntu. Ukusebenza kwe-255nm UV LED kukhonjiswe ezifundweni eziningi, okubonisa amandla ayo okufinyelela izinga lokubulala amagciwane elingafika ku-99.9%, okuhlinzeka ukuthula kwengqondo ngokwazi ukuthi indawo ezungezile ihlanzwe ngokuphelele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-255nm UV LED ngezinjongo zokubulala amagciwane kunikeza isisombululo esingabizi nesisebenzayo sokukhucululwa kwendle. Ubude besikhathi eside bempilo yobuchwepheshe be-UV LED buqinisekisa ukuthi izindleko zokunakekela kanye nokushintshanisa ziyancishiswa, okwenza kube ukutshalwa kwezimali okusimeme kwezikhungo ezifuna ukusebenzisa isixazululo esisebenzayo sokubulala amagciwane. Ukwengeza, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kwezinhlelo ze-UV LED kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, okuholela ezindleko eziphansi zokusebenza kanye nomthelela wemvelo. Lokhu kwenza i-255nm UV LED ibe yisinqumo esisebenzayo nesimeme sokugcina indawo ehlanzekile nehlanzekile.

Sengiphetha, izinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-255nm UV LED ngezinjongo zokubulala amagciwane azinakuphikwa. Ukuphepha kwayo, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko kuyenza iphumelele kubuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane, ihlinzeka ngesixazululo esithembekile sokubulala amagciwane kuzilungiselelo ezahlukahlukene. Njengoba siqhubeka nokubeka kuqala inhlanzeko nokukhucululwa kwendle ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-UV LED engu-255nm ngokungangabazeki kuzodlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha nokuphila kahle kwabantu ngabanye. Ngekhono layo elingenakuqhathaniswa lokuqeda amagciwane ayingozi kuyilapho igcina indlela ephephile neqhubekayo, i-255nm UV LED ivikele indawo yayo njengethuluzi elinamandla ekulweni namagciwane.

Isiphetho: Ukwamukela amandla e-255nm UV LED endaweni ehlanzekile, enempilo

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet (UV) ngezinjongo zokubulala amagciwane sekuye kwaqashelwa kabanzi. Njengoba ososayensi nabacwaningi beqhubeka nokuhlola amandla obuchwepheshe be-UV ekwenzeni indawo ehlanzekile nenempilo, impumelelo eyodwa kube ukuthuthukiswa kwe-255nm UV LED. Lobu buchwepheshe obusha buvule amathuba amasha okubulala amagciwane kanye nokuvalwa inzalo, bunikeza isixazululo esisebenza kahle nesimeme sokulwa namagciwane ayingozi.

I-255nm UV LED iyithuluzi elinamandla ekulweni namagciwane namagciwane. Ngokungafani namalambu e-UV endabuko, avame ukuqukatha i-mercury futhi adinga ukulungiswa njalo, ubuchwepheshe be-UV LED abunayo i-mercury futhi buphila isikhathi eside, okwenza bube ukukhetha okuvumela imvelo. Ukwengeza, ubude begagasi obungu-255nm bulungiselelwe ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kokubulala amagciwane, okulenza libe yisixazululo esifanelekile sezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukuvala inzalo yamanzi, ukuhlanzwa komoya, kanye nokubulala amagciwane endaweni.

Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile ze-255nm UV LED yikhono layo lokuvala amagciwane anhlobonhlobo, okuhlanganisa amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, kanye nesikhunta. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ubude begagasi obungu-255nm busebenza kahle kakhulu ekuphazamiseni i-DNA ne-RNA yalawa magciwane, okuwenza angakwazi ukuphindaphinda futhi awenze angasebenzi. Lokhu kwenza i-255nm UV LED ibe ithuluzi eliyigugu lokuvimbela ukusabalala kwezifo ezithathelwanayo nokugcina indawo ehlanzekile ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, njengezibhedlela, amalabhorethri, nezindawo zomphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, usayizi ohlangene kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kwe-255nm UV LED kuyenza ibe yisixazululo esiguquguqukayo nesingabizi kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kokubulala amagciwane. Ifomu layo elincane livumela ukuhlanganiswa okulula kumasistimu akhona, njengezitshalo zokuhlanza amanzi namayunithi e-HVAC, kuyilapho ukusebenza kahle kwawo kuhumusha ukwehlisa izindleko zokusebenza kanye nomthelela oncishisiwe kwemvelo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-255nm UV LED inamandla okuguqula indlela esibhekana ngayo nokubulala amagciwane kanye nenhlanzeko, inikeze enye indlela ephephile neqhubekayo ezindleleni zendabuko ezisekelwe kumakhemikhali.

Ngaphezu kwezinzuzo zayo ezingokoqobo, i-255nm UV LED iphinde ibe nesithembiso esihle sokubhekana nezinselelo ezivelayo endaweni yezempilo yomphakathi kanye nokukhucululwa kwendle. Ngosongo oluqhubekayo lokumelana nama-antimicrobial kanye nokuvela kwamagciwane amasha futhi aqine kakhudlwana, kunesidingo esikhulayo sobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obungakwazi ukulwa ngokuphumelelayo nalezi zinsongo eziguqukayo. Amandla okubulala amagciwane e-255nm UV LED amele igxathu elibalulekile eliya phambili kulokhu, ukuhlinzeka ngesixazululo esisebenzayo nesiguquguqukayo sokuvikela ukusabalala kwezifo ezithathelwanayo kanye nokuvikela impilo yomphakathi.

Sengiphetha, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-255nm UV LED kuphawula intuthuko enkulu kubuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane, okunikeza indlela ehlanzekile, enempilo, nesimeme yokubulala amagciwane nokuvala inzalo. Inhlanganisela yayo eyingqayizivele yokusebenza kahle, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nobungane bemvelo kuyenza ibe ithuluzi elibalulekile lokubhekana nezinselele eziningi zempilo yomphakathi kanye nokukhucululwa kwendle. Njengoba siqhubeka nokwamukela amandla e-UV LED engu-255nm, sikulungele ukudala umhlaba ophephile nohlanzeke kakhudlwana ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Isiphetho

Sengiphetha, ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe be-255nm UV LED kushintsha umdlalo emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane. Ngesipiliyoni sethu seminyaka engama-20 embonini, sijabule ngokuba sekhaleni lale mpumelelo. Amandla e-255nm UV LED awanikezi nje kuphela indlela ephumelelayo nephumelelayo yokuqeda amagciwane ayingozi, kodwa futhi ahlinzeka ngesixazululo esiphephile nesimeme ngokwengeziwe sezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene. Siyaqiniseka ukuthi lolu hlelo olusha luzoqhubeka nokuguqula indlela esibhekana ngayo nokubulala amagciwane kanye nokukhucululwa kwendle, ekugcineni senze umhlaba ube indawo ephephile nenempilo yawo wonke umuntu.