I-Tianhui- enye yeenkokeli ezikhokelayo ze-UV ze-chip ze-UV kunye nababoneleli babonelela ngenkonzo yetshiphu ye-ODM/OEM UV ye-LED ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-22+.
Wamkelekile kwisikhokelo sethu kumandla e-385nm LEDs kunye nehlabathi lokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga amandla anomdla e-385nm LEDs, izicelo zabo, kunye neenzuzo abazizisa kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Nokuba umtsha kwihlabathi lokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet okanye uchwepheshe onamava, esi sikhokelo siya kubonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo kwizinto ezinokubakho ze-385nm LEDs. Sijoyine njengoko siphengulula kwisayensi, itekhnoloji, kunye nokusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kolu hlobo lunamandla lokukhanyisa.
Ukukhanya kweUltraviolet kube sisixhobo esidumileyo kumashishini ahlukeneyo ngokukwazi kwawo ukubulala iintsholongwane, ukunyanga, kunye nokufumanisa izinto. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ii-LED ze-385nm ziye zavela njengomthombo onamandla wokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, kwaye ukuqonda iziseko zolu hlobo lokukhanyisa kubalulekile ekukhuliseni amandla ayo.
Embindini wayo, ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet (UV) luhlobo lwemitha ye-electromagnetic radiation ewela ngaphandle kwe-spectrum ebonakalayo, ukusuka kwi-100nm ukuya kwi-400nm kwi-wavelength. Ngaphakathi kwi-spectrum ye-UV, ii-LED ze-385nm zikhupha ukukhanya kwi-wavelength ethile esebenza ngokukodwa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo.
Enye yezinto eziphambili zokusetyenziswa kwee-385nm ze-LED kukubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokuvala inzala. Ezi LED zikhupha ukukhanya kwe-UV okunokubulala ngokufanelekileyo ibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, kunye nezinye ii-microorganisms ngokuphazamisa i-DNA okanye i-RNA yazo. Oku kubenza babe sisixhobo esixabisekileyo kwiindawo ezifana nezibhedlele, iilabhoratri, kunye neendawo zokulungisa ukutya apho ukugcinwa kwemekobume engcolileyo kubalulekile.
Ukongeza kwi-disinfection, ii-385nm ze-LED zikwasetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokunyanga. Xa zisesichengeni sezinto ezithile ezinje ngezinto zokuncamathelisa, ii-coatings, kunye nee-inki, isibane se-UV esikhutshwa zezi LED siqalisa ukusabela kweekhemikhali ezibangela ukuba izinto zibe lukhuni okanye zinyange. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kumashishini afana nokuvelisa, ukushicilela, kunye ne-electronics apho unyango oluchanekileyo nolusebenzayo luyimfuneko.
Ngaphaya koko, ii-LED ezingama-385nm zikwasetyenziswa ekubhaqweni kwe-fluorescence. Ngokukhupha ukukhanya kweUV kwizinto ezithile, njengedayi okanye iikhemikhali, ezi LED zinokubangela ukuba izinto zibe fluoresce, okanye zikhuphe ukukhanya okubonakalayo. Le propathi isetyenziswa kwizicelo ezinje ngokubhaqwa komgunyathi, i-forensics, kunye nophando lwezenzululwazi.
Enye yeenzuzo ze-385nm ze-LED yi-bandwidth yazo encinci, evumela ukujoliswa okuchanekileyo kwezinto ezithile okanye izinto eziphilayo. Oku kwenza ukuba kusebenze ngakumbi kwaye kusebenze ukubulala iintsholongwane, ukunyanga, kunye neenkqubo zokubona xa kuthelekiswa namaza abanzi e-UV.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngelixa ii-385nm ze-LED zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi, nazo ziza nokuqwalaselwa okuthile. Ukuvezwa ngokuthe ngqo kukukhanya kwe-UV, ngakumbi kuluhlu olusondeleyo, kunokuba yingozi eluswini nasemehlweni. Izilumkiso ezifanelekileyo, ezinjengokugqoka izixhobo zokukhusela kunye nokuqinisekisa ukungena komoya okwaneleyo, ziyimfuneko xa usebenza kunye ne-385nm LEDs.
Ngaphezu koko, ukhetho lwe-385nm ye-LED efanelekileyo kwisicelo esithile kubalulekile ukuze kuphunyezwe iziphumo ezilungileyo. Izinto ezifana nokuphuma kwamandla, i-irradiance, kunye ne-angle ye-beam kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo xa ukhetha i-LED efanelekileyo kumsebenzi othile.
Ukuqukumbela, ii-LED ze-385nm zisisixhobo esinamandla kwindawo yokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, enikezela ngokucokisekileyo kunye nokusebenza ngokubulala iintsholongwane, ukunyanga, kunye nokufumanisa amandla. Ukuqonda iziseko zezi LED kubalulekile ekusebenziseni isakhono sazo kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Ngokusebenzisa i-bandwidth yabo emxinwa kunye nokuthatha amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo, amandla e-385nm LEDs anokuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo kubuninzi bezicelo.
Ukukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet (UV) kuye kwaba sisixhobo esiyimfuneko kumashishini ahlukeneyo, ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yeteknoloji ye-LED. Phakathi kwamaza ahlukeneyo okukhanya kwe-UV, ii-LED ze-385nm zifumene ingqalelo kwizicelo zazo ezithile kunye neempawu ezizodwa. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga usetyenziso olunokubakho kunye nolwahlukeneyo lwee-LED ze-385nm, zikhanyise ngokubaluleka kwazo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.
Ukuqala, makhe singene kwisayensi emva kwe385nm LEDs. Igama elithi "nm" limele i-nanometers, eyiyunithi esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ubude bokukhanya. Kwi-385nm, ezi LED zikhupha ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet okuwela ngaphakathi kwe-UVA spectrum. Le wavelength ethile iyaziwa ngokukwazi ukubangela i-fluorescence kwizinto ezithile, iyenza ibe luncedo kakhulu kwizicelo ezininzi.
Kwinkalo yezobungcwalisa kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho, ii-LED ezingama-385nm zisetyenziselwa uphando lwendawo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ezi LED zinokutyhila amabala egazi afihliweyo, iminwe, kunye nolunye ulwelo lomzimba olungenakubonwa ngeliso lenyama. Ngaphaya koko, bancedisa ekuqinisekiseni uxwebhu, njengeempawu ezithile zokhuseleko kumakhadi okuchonga kunye namanqaku emali e-fluoresce phantsi kwe-385nm yokukhanya kwe-UV, inceda ekubhaqweni kwezinto zomgunyathi.
Ngaphezu koko, ii-LED ze-385nm zifumana ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkqubo zoshishino kunye nemveliso. Ziyisixhobo ekuvavanyeni okungonakalisi kwezinto, njengoko iziphene ezithile kunye nokuqhekeka kubonakala xa kukhanyiswa ngokukhanya kwe-UV ye-385nm. Oku kuvumela ukuhlolwa ngokucokisekileyo kunye nokulawulwa komgangatho ekuveliseni amacandelo ahlukeneyo, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kweemveliso zokugqibela.
Icandelo lezonyango kunye nezempilo likwaxhamla kwizicelo ze-385nm LEDs. Ezi LEDs zinceda ekuvaleni umoya kunye nomgangatho, njengoko ukukhanya kwe-UVA ekhutshwayo kuneempawu zokubulala iintsholongwane ezinokuphelisa iintsholongwane, kubandakanya ibhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane. Ukongeza, kwidermatology, ukukhanya kwe-UV ye-385nm kusetyenziselwa unyango lwe-phototherapy, kujoliswe kwiimeko zesikhumba ezifana ne-psoriasis kunye ne-eczema.
Kwindawo yokuzonwabisa, ii-LED ze-385nm zifumene indawo yazo ekudaleni imbonakalo emangalisayo. Ukusuka kwimizobo ekhazimlayo-ebumnyameni ukuya kwizibane zeqonga kunye nezinto ezinomtsalane epakini, iipropathi ezizodwa zezi LEDs zinegalelo ekudaleni amava anomtsalane kunye nokuntywila kubaphulaphuli.
Ukusetyenziswa kwee-LED ze-385nm kunabela ngaphaya kwamashishini kunye nemimandla ekhankanywe ngasentla. Uphando kunye nophuhliso luyaqhubeka nokutyhila usetyenziso olutsha kunye nokutsha kolu phawu oluthile lokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet. Njengoko itekhnoloji ihambela phambili, sinokulindela ukubona usetyenziso olungakumbi kunye nolusebenzayo lwe-385nm LEDs kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.
Ukuqukumbela, ukuphononongwa kwezicelo ze-385nm ze-LED zityhila indima eyahlukileyo kunye nebalulekileyo abayidlalayo kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Ukusuka kwi-forensics ukuya kwimveliso, kukhathalelo lwempilo, kunye nokuzonwabisa, ezi LED zibonakalise ukuba zizixhobo ezixabisekileyo, ukuqhuba izinto ezintsha kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Njengoko ukuqonda kwezakhono zabo kukhula, ngokunjalo nokukwazi kwethu ukusebenzisa amandla abo ekuphuculeni uluntu.
Ukukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet (UV) kuye kwafumana ukuthandwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yeenzuzo ezininzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Olunye uhlobo oluthile lwesibane se-UV esele ivelisa umdla omkhulu yi-385nm LED. Kwesi sikhokelo, siza kuphonononga iingenelo kunye neengqwalasela zokusebenzisa ii-LED ze-385nm, kunye neentlobo zazo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo.
Okokuqala nokuphambili, kubalulekile ukuqonda iimpawu ezizodwa ze-385nm LEDs. Ezi LEDs zikhupha ukukhanya kwi-wavelength ye-385 nanometers, ewela ngaphakathi kwe-UV-A spectrum. Le wavelength ethile iyaziwa ngokukwazi ukonwabisa imathiriyeli ethile, iyenza ilungele ushishino olwahlukeneyo, urhwebo, kunye nezicelo zenzululwazi.
Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili ze-385nm LEDs kukusebenza kwazo kwi-fluorescence excitation. Xa isetyenziswe ngokubambisana nezixhobo ze-fluorescent, ii-LED ze-385nm zingabangela ukuba ezi zixhobo zikhuphe ukukhanya okubonakalayo, zibenze zixabiseke kwizicelo ezifana nokufunyanwa komgunyathi, ukuqinisekiswa kwemali, kunye nokufunyanwa kwedayi ye-fluorescent kuphando lwesayensi.
Ukongeza, ii-LED ze-385nm zikwasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkqubo zokunyanga i-ultraviolet. Ukukhanya okune-UV okunamandla aphezulu akhutshwa zezi LEDs kunokuqalisa ukunyanga ukuphendula kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zokuncamathelisa, ii-coatings, kunye nee-inki, ezikhokelela kunyango olukhawulezayo nolusebenzayo. Oku kwenza ii-LED ze-385nm zibe yimfuneko kumashishini afana noshicilelo, ukwenziwa kombane, kunye nokudityaniswa kwezixhobo zonyango.
Olunye uncedo oluphawulekayo lokusebenzisa ii-LED ezingama-385nm kukusebenza kwazo ekubulaleni iintsholongwane kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane. Ukukhanya kwe-UV-C, okuqhelekileyo kuluhlu lwe-200-280nm, kwaziwa ngeempawu zayo zokubulala iintsholongwane. Ngelixa i-385nm iwela ngaphakathi kwe-UV-A spectrum kwaye ingeyontsholongwane njengokukhanya kwe-UV-C, isenazo iipropathi ezithile zokulwa neentsholongwane kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukubulala iintsholongwane emoyeni nangaphezulu kwizicelo apho ukusetyenziswa kokukhanya kwe-UV-C kusenokungenzeki.
Xa kuqwalaselwa ukusetyenziswa kwe-385nm LEDs, kukwakho neengqwalasela ezininzi ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo. Ngokomzekelo, ukhuseleko olululo lwamehlo nolusu lubalulekile xa usebenza nokukhanya kwe-UV, njengoko ukutyhileka ixesha elide kunokuba yingozi. Ukongeza, ukhetho lwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye neengubo ze-385nm ze-LED zezicelo zibalulekile, njengoko ingezizo zonke izinto ezihambelana nokukhanya kwe-UV kwaye zinokonakala ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ukuqukumbela, ii-LED ze-385nm zibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweenzuzo kunye nezicelo, ukusuka kwi-fluorescence excitation ukuya kunyango lwe-UV kunye nokuvala inzala. Njengoko iteknoloji iqhubeka iqhubela phambili, amandla e-385nm LEDs kumashishini ahlukeneyo ayaqhubeka esanda, ezenza isisombululo sokukhanyisa esiguquguqukayo nesibalulekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukujongana nokusetyenziswa kwabo ngononophelo kunye nokuqwalasela ngokucophelela amanyathelo okhuseleko kunye nokuhambelana kwezinto. Ngolwazi olufanelekileyo kunye nezilumkiso, ii-LED ze-385nm zinokuvula umhlaba wamathuba okukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.
Ukukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet kuye kwaba yitekhnoloji ethandwa kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo, ukusuka kukhathalelo lwezempilo kunye nococeko ukuya kwezolonwabo kunye nezolimo. Omnye wabadlali abaphambili kummandla wokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet yi-385nm LED, eyaziwa ngokuba namandla okukhupha ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet. Kwesi sikhokelo sibanzi, siza kuphonononga usetyenziso olwahlukeneyo kunye neenzuzo ze-385nm LEDs, kunye nendlela yokukhetha eyona ilungileyo kwiimfuno zakho ezithile.
Okokuqala nokuphambili, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwe-385nm wavelength. Kwindawo yokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, i-385nm wavelength iwela ngaphakathi kwe-UVA spectrum, eyaziwa ngokukwazi ukuphembelela i-fluorescence, izixhobo zokunyanga, kunye nokucoca umphezulu. Oku kwenza ii-LED ze-385nm zibe sisixhobo esixabisekileyo kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kuquka imveliso, ukhathalelo lwempilo, kunye ne-forensics.
Xa kuziwa ekukhetheni i-385nm efanelekileyo ye-LED kwiimfuno zakho, kukho izinto ezininzi ekufuneka uziqwalasele. Ingqwalasela yokuqala kusetyenziso olucetywayo lwe-LED. Umzekelo, ukuba usebenzisa i-LED ngeenjongo zokuvala inzala, uya kufuna i-LED enamandla amakhulu angama-385nm kunye ne-angle ye-beam ebanzi ukuqinisekisa ukugubungela okusebenzayo kwendawo ekujoliswe kuyo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba usebenzisa i-LED ukufunyaniswa kwe-fluorescence, amandla asezantsi e-LED ene-angle emxinwa yomqadi inokulungela ngakumbi ukhanyiso olugxilileyo.
Enye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe ngumgangatho kunye nokuthembeka kwe-LED. Kubalulekile ukukhetha umenzi othembekileyo onerekhodi yokuvelisa ii-LED ezikumgangatho ophezulu we-385nm. Khangela ii-LED ezilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kwaye zinezinga eliphantsi lokuthotywa kwexesha. Ukongezelela, qwalasela ulawulo lwe-thermal ye-LED, njengoko ukushisa okugqithisileyo kunokuchaphazela kakubi ukusebenza kwayo kunye nobomi.
Ngaphezu koko, kubalulekile ukuvavanya iimeko zokusingqongileyo apho i-LED iya kusebenza khona. Ukuba i-LED iya kubonakaliswa kumswakama, uthuli, okanye ezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, kubalulekile ukukhetha i-LED ye-385nm ene-ingress eyaneleyo yokukhusela (IP) ukulinganiswa kokuqinisekisa ukuhlala kwayo kunye nokuphila ixesha elide.
Ukongeza kwiinkcukacha zobugcisa, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela imigangatho yokulawula kunye nokhuseleko olusebenzayo kusetyenziso olucetywayo lwe-385nm LED. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba i-LED iya kusetyenziswa kwimeko yonyango, kufuneka ihambelane nemigangatho yeshishini elifanelekileyo kunye nemimiselo yokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwesigulane kunye nabasebenzi.
Okokugqibela, kufanelekile ukuphonononga ukuqhubela phambili kunye nezinto ezintsha kwibala le-385nm LEDs. Njengoko itekhnoloji iqhubeka nokuvela, abavelisi bahlala bephucula ukusebenza, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokuguquguquka kwee-LED ze-385nm. Hlala ujonge naluphi na uphuhliso olutsha olunokubonelela ngezakhono ezongeziweyo kwisicelo sakho esithile.
Ukuqukumbela, ukhetho olufanelekileyo lwe-385nm ye-LED kwiimfuno zakho lufuna uqwalaselo ngononophelo lwezinto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya usetyenziso, umgangatho, iimeko zokusingqongileyo, kunye nemigangatho yolawulo. Ngokuthatha ixesha lokuvavanya ngokucokisekileyo ezi zinto, unokuqinisekisa ukuba ukhetha i-385nm ye-LED ehlangabezana neemfuno zakho kwaye inikeze ukusebenza okugqibeleleyo kwisicelo sakho esithile.
Ukukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet (UV) kuye kwanda kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo ngenxa yokukwazi ukubulala iintsholongwane, ukuvala iintsholongwane, kunye nokubona izinto ezingabonakaliyo ngeliso lenyama. Olunye lolona phuhliso luphawulekayo kubuchwepheshe bokukhanya kwe-UV yi-385nm LED, ethe yabhengezwa ngenxa yezicelo zayo ezinamandla neziguquguqukayo. Kwesi sikhokelo, siza kuphonononga izibonelelo kunye nokusetyenziswa okunokwenzeka kwe-385nm LEDs, ngelixa sikwabonelela ngeengcebiso zokhuseleko ekusebenziseni ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.
Okokuqala nokuphambili, kubalulekile ukuqonda iimpawu ezizodwa ze-385nm LEDs. Ezi LEDs zikhupha ukukhanya kwi-wavelength ye-385 nanometers, ewela ngaphakathi kwe-UVA spectrum yokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet. Ukukhanya kwe-UVA kwaziwa ngokukwazi kwakho ukungena eluswini kwaye kunokubangela umonakalo ukuba akuthathwa amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuphatha ii-LED ezingama-385nm ngononophelo kwaye ukhumbule iingozi ezinokuthi zibekho zokhuseleko.
Xa usebenzisa ii-385nm ze-LED ngeenjongo zokubulala iintsholongwane okanye ukuvala inzala, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba indawo ephathwayo ikhululekile kuzo naziphi na izinto eziphilayo, kuquka abantu nezilwanyana. Ukuvezwa ngokuthe ngqo ekukhanyeni kwe-UVA kunokubangela umonakalo wolusu kunye nobungozi bezempilo bexesha elide. Ngoko ke, kucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe izixhobo zokukhusela, ezinjengeeglavu kunye nezibuko, xa usebenza kunye ne-385nm LEDs. Ukongezelela, kubalulekile ukunciphisa ixesha lokuvezwa kunye nokugcina umgama okhuselekileyo ukusuka kumthombo wokukhanya ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokulimala kwesikhumba.
Ukongeza kwimingcipheko enokubakho ehambelana nokuvezwa ngokuthe ngqo kukukhanya kwe-UVA, kukwabalulekile ukuqwalasela iingozi ezinokubakho ezibangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwee-LED ezingama-385nm kwiindawo ezithile. Umzekelo, ukukhanya kwe-UVA kunokubangela umonakalo kwizinto ezithile, kuquka iiplastiki kunye nerabha. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukwenza uvavanyo olucokisekileyo kunye novavanyo lomngcipheko ngaphambi kokudibanisa ii-LED ze-385nm kwizicelo ezithile. Ukongeza, amanyathelo afanelekileyo okungena komoya kunye nokugcina kufuneka abe kwindawo yokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvezwa kukukhanya kwe-UVA.
Ngaphandle kweengozi ezinokubakho ezinxulumene ne-385nm LEDs, kubalulekile ukuqaphela izicelo zabo ezinamandla kunye neenzuzo. Ezi LEDs ziye zasetyenziswa kakhulu kuphando lwezonyango kunye nesayensi, kunye nakwiindawo zoshishino kunye nezorhwebo. Umzekelo, ii-LED ezingama-385nm zisetyenzisiwe ekuvaleni inzala kwizixhobo zonyango, ekubhaqweni kwemali yomgunyathi, kunye nokuchongwa kolwelo lomzimba kwiindawo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukukwazi kwabo ukukhupha ukukhanya kwi-wavelength ethile kubenza babe zizixhobo ezixabisekileyo kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo.
Ekugqibeleni, ukusetyenziswa kwee-LED ze-385nm kunye nokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ngokubanzi kufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngokucophelela kunye nokuthotyelwa kwezikhokelo zokhuseleko. Xa zisetyenziswa ngenkathalo kunye nokunyameka okufanelekileyo, ii-LED ezingama-385nm zinokubonelela ngezisombululo ezinamandla zokubulala iintsholongwane, ukuvala inzala kunye nokubhaqwa. Ngokuqonda imingcipheko enokubakho kunye neenzuzo ze-385nm LEDs, sinokusebenzisa amandla okukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ngelixa sinciphisa iingozi ezinokubakho.
Ukuqukumbela, amandla e-385nm LEDs ekukhanyeni kwe-ultraviolet ayinakujongelwa phantsi. Ngokukwazi kwabo ukubulala iintsholongwane, ukunyanga, kunye nokufumanisa, ezi LED zibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Njengenkampani eneminyaka engama-20 yamava kushishino, siye sabona ukuvela kunye nokuveliswa kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kwaye sibonile okokuqala impembelelo entle ebenayo kubathengi bethu. Siyavuya ukuqhubeka siphonononga okunokwenzeka kwee-LED ze-385nm kwaye sizimisele ukubonelela ngeemveliso eziphezulu kunye nezisombululo kubathengi bethu. Ikamva lokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet liqaqambile, kwaye sijonge phambili ekubeni siphambili kobu buchwepheshe bunomdla.